Philosophy Term Papers

“Philosophy” literally means “love of wisdom”, and the topics that fell under this name covered what we now pick out as philosophy, logic, science, medicine, ethics, social science, psychology, and religion.

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It has been told in history that Greek spiritualist and mathematician Pythagoras invented the term "philosopher." Until he did, all who accomplished this profession were called Sophists, meaning "wise men." It was however believed by Pythagoras that no person is wise, only God. And for this reason, he measured himself a lover of knowledge, that is, a philosopher rather than a wise man. Early Greek thinkers did not make the dissimilarities we do today among science, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy. Philosophers at the time studied everything from ethics, planetary movements, mathematics, and physics to politics, religion, animal behavior, and logic. What they all wanted was to understand the nature of all things. They asked countless questions, including, "Of what was the universe made?" "What is the right thing to do?" and "What is the human mind?"

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Philosophy began not on mainland Greece, still less in Athens where it was later to flourish, but in Ionia—the western seaboard on the Aegean Sea of what is now Turkey, more generally called Asia Minor. it can at least be said that recent philosophy is extremely diverse in its interests and approaches.
Philosophy might be thought of as made up of two components: critical thinking and passionate vision. But "critical thinking" does not necessarily imply the hermeneutics of suspicion, skepticism, or intellectual paranoia--all too often the trademarks of the bright young professional philosopher. One can be "critical," that is, reflective, while at the same time be committed, even devoted, to an idea or a way of thinking.

The emphasis on passionate vision, however, is just as essential, and any philosophy that doesn't include both components just isn't worthy of the name. Without passionate vision, we get that utterly eviscerated focus on forms of argumentation--philosophia minimalia--devoid of "empirical" content (that is to say, content) and, as far as most people are concerned, devoid of any interest. Without critical reflection, we get gullibility and the worst of New Age philosophy, accepting of any kind of nonsense, just because it stirs the passions. But simply to assume that philosophy must be as rigorously self-questioning as modern European and Anglo-American philosophy is a subtle form of ethnic chauvinism. It eliminates from the realm of philosophy not only African ethnophilosophy and Latin and Native American and South Pacific mythology but a good deal of the philosophy of religion, the basis (for better or worse) of the development of Western philosophy over much of the past two thousand years.

What made philosophy a distinct path was that it relied on the ower of human reason, rather than on tradition or religion, to ask and answer such questions. Today, philosophy still thrives and struggles to answer both the ancient questions and those created by modern society.


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