How To Write Citation Term Papers

A bibliographic citation refers to giving reference to an article, journal, text book, web page, or any other published item that has identifiable information regarding the author or publisher. In some cases, writings that haven’t yet been published and other speeches are also used for the purpose of citing. Typically, citation is used in scholarly works such as research papers, thesis and critiques. The term “citation” is also sometimes used to describe the act of citing someone’s work, this means giving a reference to another author’s work in bibliographic citation to give appropriate credit for any ideas or research.

Citations are typically used in scholarly works with the purpose of giving any due credit to another author when borrowing his or her ideas and research. They are also used to acknowledge the influence of other work on a writer’s own work. These types of scholarly citations allow readers to test the claims by comparing earlier works to a writer’s. Authors of academic papers frequently engage previous works, describing why they agree with the previous works or why they disagree. In ideal cases, sources are all first-hand and recent.

A large variety of rules as well as practices govern the processes in scientific citation, prior art, theological citation, legal citation, patent law as well as copyright law. The different and varied definitions as well as explanations given for plagiarism, innovation, uniqueness, reliability and trustworthiness differ so widely that there is no simple practice that is applicable in all fields.

There are a lot of places in a work where citations can be added. This includes, putting citation remarks in-text in the body of an article, in foot-notes or end-notes at the bottom of the page and also in endnotes. Citations are also mentioned at the end of an article under a “References” or “Works Cited” page at the end as a bibliography in the form of a list.

Computers and the use of software have made the process of citation much simpler and easier too. Today, the use, recording, as well as subsequent reuse of the references is made easy by the use of citation management software.

The citation indexes basically list the published citations among different works. Other than being used for bibliographic discovery, citation indexes are also used as bibliometrics for the purpose of citation analysis. They are also used to calculate citation impact.

Content of a Citation

The citation of a text book typically involves the author’s name, the title of the book, the publisher an also the year of publication. When citing an article form a journal, information provided include, the author’s name, title of the article, the journal title, the volume, page numbers and the publication date. When citing a wok form the internet, the URL and the date it was last retrieved, are also mentioned. To give an example,

Citation Styles

There are various guides which lay out styles for various formats of citations. Some scholarly works are so established that they have their own methods of citation like Stephanus pagination used by Plato, line numbers in poems, Bekker numbers used by Aristotle and Shakespeare notation by play, act as well as scene.

Many organizations have created there own systems of citation to meet their specific needs. These citation systems can be divided into two main styles that are common to the Sciences and the Humanities although there is a lot of overlap between the two. Some publishers even have their very own in-house variations to these citation styles.

How To Write Citation Styles in the Humanities

APA style is the most common citation method in the social sciences. It is American Psychological Association style format. The APA style lists sources on a “References” page at the end of the paper. The APA style also has the advantage that electronic sources of information are listed with more detail in it when compared to MLA style. It uses parenthetical citation or in-text citation and lists the author's name and the publication year. This is some what similar to MLA style's parenthetical citations.

• The American Political Science Association better known as APSA published its popular citation method in the Style Manual for Political Science. This citation style is often used by scholars as well as historians when writing on political science. The APSA style is very similar to the Chicago Manual of Style.
• The American Sociological Association has its own citation method known as ASA style which is quite common in sociological publications.
• Bluebook is another citation system which is typically used in US academic legal writing and some of Bluebook’s derivatives are used by courts around the country. At this point, academic legal works are almost always footnoted although court opinions and other motions submitted to the court conventionally use inline citations that are separate clauses or in some cases separate sentences. This inline citation method is not favored by lawyers who complain that it makes legal writing difficult to understand for the laymen.
• The Chicago Style is common among social sciences and humanities scholars who use its guide The Chicago Manual of Style. Some scholars also adopt the identical Turabian style which is used across many disciplines.
• The Columbia Style was developed by Todd Taylor and Janice Walker and has specific guidelines for citing online sources. Columbia Style has two separate models designed for the sciences and the humanities. The main guide for this style is The Columbia Guide to Online Style.
  The Harvard Style is the recommended method of citation by the British Standards Institution. Harvard Style includes a short in-text reference (like (Barney 2005) that is inserted after the text cited. A full reference list is included at the end of the paper.
• MHRA Style Guide is the citation method adopted by the Modern Humanities Research Association. It is frequently used in the fields of the arts and humanities especially in Britain where the organization is based. The MHRA Style makes use of footnotes that reference a source in full. It also includes a bibliography at the end of an article. The biggest advantage of using MHRA Style is that the reader doesn’t necessarily have to go to the end of the article to the bibliography as footnotes have all the details.
• The MLA style was originally developed and used by The Modern Language Association. It is most frequently used in comparative literature, language studies, and certain other branches of humanities. The MLA style has a “Works Cited” Page at the end of the paper which lists all the works and articles that are cited in the text in detail. MLA style also calls for short parenthetical citations that include the author’s name and the page number of the book form where text is cited. Thus, readers can go to the end of the article to the “Works Cited” Page and check the name of the author in the alphabetical list of sources to get further details. An example of this is: (Smith 107) where Smith is the last name of the author and 107 is the page number form where a specific text is cited. The guide used for MLA Style is the Writers of Research Papers.

How To Write Citation Styles in the Sciences

• The ACS style was developed by the American Chemical Society and is the most common method f citation in chemical literature.
• The AIP style was developed by the American Institute of Physics and is the style in most physics journals. The references are numbered in the text itself and later in the reference list at the end.
• The AMS styles were developed by the Mathematical Society (AMS) such as AMS-LaTeX. AMS styles are usually executed using the BibTeX tool with LaTeX typesetting environment. An author’s initial and the year of publication are inserted with brackets in the text. They are also inserted in the start of the reference. Most citations are listed with respect to the alphabetic-label format, for instance [AB90]. This citation style is also known as “Authorship trigraph”
• The CSE/CBE style is developed and used by the Council of Biology Editors and is quite common in scientific papers and research documents.
• The IEEE Style is frequently seen in technical areas like engineering and is especially frequent in computer science papers. IEEE Style has citations in-text as citation numbers which are in square brackets. All of the bibliographical details are included only in the list of references besides each citation number which is at the end of the paper. The IEEE Style Documentation is the official guide for the purpose of citing in IEEE Style.

Useful Links
a. http://citationmachine.net/
b. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation
c. APA Citation Style Guide
d. APA Citation Style · Library "How To" Guides
e. A Guide for Writing Research Papers, APA-Style

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